This paper is devoted to mark the 150th anniversary of the publication of Volume I of Karl Marx’s Capital in September 1867. The aim of this paper is not analytical one-on the contrary. We would like to review existing positions among contemporary Marxists; to review contemporary Marxist’s literature; to review tendencies in different interpretations of Marx’s writings; to present some myths, misleading, misinterpretations and sometimes an obvious lie as concerns his economic writings. It is the main question about the irrelevance, inconsistency, and obsoleteness of Marx. We put the question: have the economic writings of Karl Marx real meaning for today? Enrique Dussel, Argentinean philosopher, claims that we are witnesses of beginning of the second century of Marx (1983-2083). So, is Karl Marx really coming back? However, we live, to use catch phrase Antonio Gramsci, when “the old is dying and the new cannot be born.” We can rely on Marxist concepts as starting points for understanding the world today because they provide the best way to explain what is going on. The significance of Marx’s theory is that it so clearly spelled out the dynamic of capital accumulation that, much more than one might think plausible, his analysis provides key economic concepts from which to understand major features of the world economy today.

This proposed paper (being a part of a work in progress on money and on monetary/economic crises’ conceptualization) examines the institutional facet and the symbolic function of money as its diachronical qualities; this global perception of money and of monetary phenomena is integrated, thus, in the assumption that objective functions inheres in them, corresponding to respective historical conjuncture. The obvious outcome is that each historical period accentuates the different economic concepts-and their philosophical representation or their synthesis-according to the existing stage of the market’s evolution. In this methodological framework, in the first part will be examined the variable historical phases in the process of monetary integration, as far as the different characteristics of monetary globalization-in historical perspective-are specified. It is then useless to state that the “global” concept is referred not only to an interdisciplinary approach of money but equally to the diversified levels of globalization, the latest perceived as historical phases in market’s evolution. The past experience of monetary “integration” being briefly presented, in the second part of the article are depicted Aristotle’s notions on institutional characteristics and social/symbolic functions of money. Secondly, Plato’s Politeia offers to the research a systemic differentiation on parallel monetary units, i. e. the simultaneous function of local and global monetary systems. The paper investigates the question if the platonic perception of local and global currency reflects an historical reality in Athens of classic times. Although, the purpose for the use of philosophical perceptions on money is not to depict the Aristotelian and Platonic economic ideas, but to enlarge the historical concepts as regards money’s qualities.

The article covers the actual theme of issuing bonds in Chinese national currency Yuan Renminbi by foreign entities with the focus on the latest developments in the plans of Russian financial authorities, banks and companies to issue such bonds in Russia and China as the alternative source of borrowings.

This article presents an overview of the international syndicated loans market for Russian corporate borrowers. There is a focus on underwriting services provided by banks and the syndications process. The advantages of syndicated loans for borrowers and banks are discussed, as well as the type of deals that are prevalent in the Russian market (underwritten deal, best-efforts syndication, club deal). The main instruments of the market and the corresponding purposes of raising the financing are discussed, including bridge loans, term loans, and pre-export finance facilities. The key structural elements of syndicated loans, including security and financial covenants are discussed. The typical transaction schedule for a syndicated loan is presented, with an overview of the key steps of the process: appointing banks, syndicating the loan in the international market, closing the transaction. We then proceed to discuss the role of underwriting in syndicated lending, including the economics of underwriting and the risks facing the banks. An overview of the approval process for underwriting is presented, with a discussion of two important documents: the underwriting memo and the underwriting commitment letter. In conclusion, we discuss the trends and perspective of underwriting in the dynamic Russian syndicated lending market and the requirements for a successful transaction.

In the first part of this article we analyse the question of freedom of the press. We understood it as the right to inform freely and to be informed all too freely. It is a human right enshrined in both international and national legal instruments. Unfortunately, the Congolese daily practice tells us conclusively and unstoppable that freedom of expression and opinion, is somehow not respected in the D. R. Congo by the politicians or authorities, where at any time the journalists are arrested, doors missing, media closed, despite the advent of the High Council of audiovisual and communication (CSAC), as an instance of media regulation and institutional guarantor of freedom of press. Where should decriminalize press for media actors offences to ensure the effectiveness of the exercise of the freedom of press. In the second part this article examines the situation of child soldiers in the world and the phenomenon of exclusion of girls from education. The author proposes a number of recommendations to enable States to deal with these two problems.