Взаимосвязь между экономическим ростом и окружающей средой в Пекине на основе показателя PM2.5
Аннотация
Это исследование изучает взаимосвязь между доходом и окружающей средой в Пекине за период 2008-2017 гг., используя квартальные данные. Состояние окружающей среды измеряется показателем PM2.5, данные которого были получены при помощи программы контроля качества воздуха в Китае (Mission China air quality monitoring programme), метеоплощадка которой находится в посольстве США в Пекине (район Чаоян). Используя показатель ВВП, возведенный в третью степень, и переменные, которые согласуются с экологической кривой Кузнеца, такие как площадь зеленых насаждений и длина дорожной сети, получен результат, который показывает, что, скорее всего, существует N-образная кривая зависимости в отличие от традиционной U-образной кривой. В 2015 г. в Пекине ВВП на душу населения был немного выше, чем нижний предел второй критической точки, из чего можно сделать вывод, что с увеличением дохода населения ухудшение состояния окружающей среды будет все серьезнее, если не будут осуществлены стратегические меры по развитию города.
Об авторах
D. I. Jingyuan
Бизнес школа Даремского университета
Россия
Россия
L. I. Chong
Школа экономики, Синхуа университет
Россия
Россия
L. Marsiliani
Бизнес школа Даремского университета
Россия
Россия
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76. The percentage of population living in urban areas has increased in China from 40% in 2005, to 57.3% in 2016, with 790 million residents in urban areas (see https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS)
77. Only recently, concentrations of PM2.5 have been regulated and regularly recorded. Although some measurement of PM2.5 concentration was undertaken in the US already in the late 1990s, the US implemented daily standards in 2007, followed by Japan in 2009, Russia in 2010 and more recently by the EU and South Korea in 2015
78. See Sørensen et al. (2003), Cohen et al. (2005), US EPA (2009), Janssen et al. (2011)
79. See http://www.mlr.gov.cn/tdsc/djxx/djjc/201004/t20100401_143692.htm. Beijing has been listed as one of the main observation cities since 2008, by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development
80. Official data from China has been found not to be reliable as air quality measurements are related to the career progression opportunities of officials and therefore may be prone to manipulation (See Chen et al., 2012 and Ghanem & Zhang, 2014)
81. Other EKC studies that find an N-shaped EKC, although in a different setting, are Shafik and Bandayopadhyay (1992), Grossman and Krueger (1993), Selden and Song (1994), Panayotou (1997)
82. See Bloomberg. (2015). China Stimulus Kicks in to Help Keep 2014 Growth Near Target. Available at https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-01-19/china-gdp-beats-estimates-leaving-2014-expansion-close-to-target
83. See Beijing government. (2017). Beijing General Urban Plan 2020-2035. Available at http://zhengwu.beijing.gov.cn/gh/dt/t1494703.htm
84. One example is the Shougang Group, one of the largest steel companies located in Beijing that started moving to Hebei since 2005 in the preparation for the Olympic Games of 2008
85. In 2010, the districts of Dongcheng (1 in the map in Figure A) and Chongwen (3 in the map) were merged into the Dongcheng district, and the districts of Xuanwu (2 in the map) and Xicheng (4 in the map) were merged into the Xicheng district
86. One is the consolidation of the four central districts into two, Dongcheng and Xicheng, in 2008; another is the establishment of a new district, Xiong’an, in 2017
87. Panayotou (1997) found that improvements in the quality of institutions (policies) by 10% will lead to a 15% reduction in SO2 emissions. Bhattarai and Hammig (2001) found that the quality of official policies is negatively related to deforestation
88. Our dataset starts in 2008, therefore we do not have a sufficient data span to test the so-called Olympic Games effect on air pollution
89. See Independent UK. (2016). China’s economic growth remains strong but increasing risks revealed. Available at https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/china-economic-growth-gdp-global-economy-slowdown-stimulus-brexit-a7138111.html
90. See Bloomberg. (2016). China Banking Official Urges Cut to Required Reserve Ratio. Available at https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-12-28/china-banking-official-says-required-reserve-ratio-should-be-cut
91. See Bloomberg. (2018). China to Ease Bad-Loan Provision Rules to Support Growth. Available at https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-06/china-is-said-to-ease-bad-loan-provision-rules-to-support-growth
Рецензия
Для цитирования:
Jingyuan D.I., Chong L.I., Marsiliani L. Взаимосвязь между экономическим ростом и окружающей средой в Пекине на основе показателя PM2.5. Review of Business and Economics Studies. 2018;6(2):5-18.
For citation:
Jingyuan D.I., Chong L.I., Marsiliani L. The Relationship between Growth and the Environment in Beijing, Using PM2.5 Concentrations. Review of Business and Economics Studies. 2018;6(2):5-18. (In Russ.)
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