Внешняя торговля России в условиях санкций
Аннотация
Экспортно-сырьевая модель развития и высокая зависимость от внешнеэкономической конъюнктуры входят в число главных стратегических угроз экономической безопасности Российской Федерации. Поэтому не случайно ряд стран пытается реализовать эти угрозы для достижения своих геополитических целей и вводит разного рода ограничения, запреты и санкции. В статье представлены результаты анализа влияния антироссийских санкций на внешнюю торговлю России в 2014-2016 гг. Показано, что в сфере внешней торговли негативное воздействие запретов и санкций, а также неблагоприятных внешних и внутренних процессов и факторов сильнее чем в других секторах экономики отразилось на топливно-энергетическом, нефтехимическом и машиностроительном комплексах. Больше других их почувствовали субъекты Российской Федерации, в которых сосредоточены основные потоки экспорта и импорта, а также некоторые нефтегазодобывающие и металлопроизводящие регионы. При этом воздействие санкций и ответных на них мер Правительства России на экспорт было сильнее, чем на импорт.
Ключевые слова
антироссийские санкции,
внешняя торговля,
импорт,
экспорт,
ограничения,
запреты,
экономическая безопасность
Список литературы
1. HR 3364. Countering America’s Adversaries through Sanctions Act. (2017). Retrieved from https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/3364/text
2. Ivashov, L. G. (2017, August 10). Words, Words …[Slova, slova…]. Zavtra, 32, 2. Retrieved from http://zavtra.ru/blogs/authors/1923
3. Kazinets, L. S. (1981). Growth rates and structural changes in the economy: (Indicators of planning and statistics) [Tempy rosta i strukturnye sdvigi v ekonomike (pokazateli planirovaniya i statistiki)]. Moscow: Ekonomika. 184 p
4. Klepach, A. N. (2015). International sanctions and response: is positive for the Russian economy possible? [Mezhdunarodnye sanktsii i otvetnye mery: vozmozhen li pozitiv dlya rossiiskoi ekonomiki?]. Mir novoi ekonomiki = The world of the new economy, 1, 6-12
5. President Putin’s Message. (2018). Retrieved from http://www.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/56957
6. Rossiya Airlines. (2018, July 29). Retrieved from http://samolety.org/rossiya/
7. Rosstat. (2017). Russian Statistical Yearbook, 2017 [Rossiiskii statisticheskii ezhegodnik, 2017]. http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/ru/statistics/publications/catalog/doc_1135087342078
8. S 7 Airlines. (2018, July 29). In Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/S 7_Airlines
9. S 7 Airlines. Our Fleet. (2018, July 29). Retrieved from https://www.s7.ru/about/ourfleet.dot
10. Aeroflot. (2018, July 29). Retrieved from https://www.aeroflot.ru/ru-ru/flight/plane_park
11. Sanctions against Russia and international trade. (2018, January 27). Retrieved from https://cdn4.img.ria.ru/images/150970/03/1509700324.png
12. Spiegel. (2015, June 2). The US “forget” about sanctions against Russia, when it is profitable for them. Retrieved from http://russian.rt.com/inotv/2015-05-31/Spiegel-SSHA-zabivayut-o-sankciyah
13. The Cabinet of Ukraine broke the program of economic cooperation with Russia. (2018, July 27). Retrieved from http://tass.ru/ekonomika/5051911
14. Utair. (2018, July 29). Retrieved from https://www.utair.ru/en/about/today/park/#planes
15. The linear coefficient of relative structural shifts (ks, t) is calculated as the sum of the absolute value of differences of shares of elements of these structures (di) at the time point t-1 and t: ks, t = Σi │di, t - di, t-1│. This coefficient varies in the range from zero to two and allows us to determine the average difference in the specific weights of parts of the whole at the considered points of time. The closer the coefficient is to zero, the less the structure has changed (Kazinets, 1981)
16. In Russia so-called “far-abroad” countries means all countries (states) except those that came out of the USSR, were they were the Union Republics
17. From March 2014 to August 2017, the United States introduced restrictive measures against 244 companies, organizations and banks and 172 individuals
18. The Federal Service of State Statistics (Rosstat) provides data on exports and imports of subjects of the Russian Federation in accordance with the place of registration of the owner of the goods, and not the regions of its activities (production of exported goods, consumption of imported goods)
19. In sixth place according to the value of the coefficient of the consensus was the Principality of Liechtenstein. The volume of its imports from Russia fell by 97%. However, the scale of reduction was small (-291 million dollars), and the share of the Principality in the total volume of imports of states that established anti-Russian sanctions in 2016 was only 0.01%. In nine countries, we observed the decrease of the Russian imports less in absolute terms than in Liechtenstein, and the share of import from Russia, compared with that in Lichtenstein, was only in two of them. Hence, the Principality of Liechtenstein was not included in Table 14
20. According to the President of the American Chamber of Commerce in Russia Alexis Rodzianko, “American sanctions affect areas in which trade exchange was previously small, for example, military products” (Spigel, 2015)
21. “The degree of technological dependence is simply enormous. And it is much more than it follows from the general figures that we buy more than $ 100 billion a year of machinery and equipment” [Klepach, 2015, p. 7]
Для цитирования:
Казанцев С. Внешняя торговля России в условиях санкций. Review of Business and Economics Studies. 2018;6(3):44-56. https://doi.org/10.26794/2308-944X-2018-6-2-44-56
For citation:
Kazantsev S. Russia’s Foreign Trade under the Anti-Russian Sanctions. Review of Business and Economics Studies. 2018;6(3):44-56. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.26794/2308-944X-2018-6-2-44-56
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