Protection of Environment during Armed Conflicts
https://doi.org/10.26794/2308-944X-2018-6-2-19-29
Abstract
References
1. Amendment of the Article 1.2 of 1980 Convention on Prohibition or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons which may be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to have Indiscriminate Effects (adoption 21 December 2001; entry into force 18 May 2004) 2260 U.N.T.S. 82
2. Bothe, M., Bruch, C., Diamond, J. & Jensen, D. (2010). International Law Protecting the Environment during Armed Conflict: Gaps and Opportunities. International Review of the Red Cross, 92, 569-592
3. Bouvier, A. (1991). Protection of the Environment in Time of Armed Conflict. International Review of the Red Cross, 73, 599-611
4. Bouvier, A. (1992, October 1). Protection of the Environment in Time of Armed Conflict. Report submitted by the ICRC for the 47th session of the United Nations General Assembly
5. Brunch, C. E. (2000). Introduction. Environmental Consequences of War. Legal, Economic and Scientific Perspectives. Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid: Cambridge University Press
6. Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques (adopted 10 December 1976, entry into force 5 October 1978). 1108 U.N.T.S. 151
7. Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (adopted at the United Nation Conference on Human Environment in Stockholm, 16 June 1972). 11 I.L.M. 1416 (1972)
8. Drumbl, M. A. (2000). Waging War against the World: the Need to Move from War Crimes to Environmental Crimes. Environmental Consequences of War. Legal, Economic and Scientific Perspectives. Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid: Cambridge University Press
9. Falk, R. (1992). The Environmental Law of War: an Introduction. Environmental Protection and the Law of War. London: Belhaven Press
10. Final Report to the Prosecutor by the Committee Established to Review the NATO Bombing Campaign Against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia. 13 June 2000. Retrieved from http://www.icty.org/sid/10052/en (accessed 2017-11-07)
11. Gasser, P. (1995). Proposal for Action. American Journal of International Law, 89, 637-643
12. Hampson, F. J. (2008). The Relationship between International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law from the Perspective of a Human Rights Treaty Body. International Review of a Red Cross. 90, 549-572
13. Henckaerts, J. M., & Doswald-Beck, L. (2009). Customary International Humanitarian Law. Vol. I Rules. International Committee of the Red Cross. New York: Cambridge University Press
14. Henckaerts, J. M. (2005). Study on Customary International Humanitarian Law: A Contribution to the Understanding and Respect for the Rule of Law in Armed Conflict. International Review of the Red Cross, 87, 175-212
15. High-Level Expert Meeting on the New Future of Human Rights and Environment: Moving the Global Agenda Forward. United Nations Environmental Programme. 2009. Retrieved from http://www.unep.org/environmentalgovernance/Events/Human RightsandEnvironment/tabid/2046/language/en-US/Default.aspx (accessed 2017-11-07)
16. Legal Consequences of the Construction of Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. International Court of Justice, Advisory Opinion I. C. J. Reports. 2004
17. International Committee of the Red Cross. Geneva, 2013. Retrieved from http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/WebSign? ReadForm&id=600&ps=P (accessed 06-11-2017)
18. Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II) (adopted 8 June 1977, entry into force 7 December 1978). 1125 U.N.T.S. 609/ [1991] ATS 30/16 ILM 1442 (1977)
19. Rio de Janeiro Declaration on Environment and Development (adopted at Rio de Janeiro Declaration on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, 13 June, 1992). 31 I.L.M. 881 (1992)
20. Ripa di Meana, C. (1992). Environmental Protection and the Law of War. Introductory Speech. London: Belhaven Press
21. Roberts, A. (2000). The Law of War and Environmental Damage. Environmental Consequences of War. Legal, Economic and Scientific Perspectives. Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid: Cambridge University Press
22. Smith, T. (2010). Criminal Accountability or Civil Liability: Which Approach Most Effectively Redresses the Negative Environmental Consequences of Armed Conflict? International Law and Armed Conflict. Challenges in the 21st Century. The Hague: Asser Press
23. Tarasofsky, R. G. (1993). Legal Protection of the Environment during International Armed Conflict. Netherlands Yearbook of International Law
24. The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons, (adopted 3 September 1992, entry into force 29 April 1997). 1974 U.N.T.S. 317
25. The Chemical Weapons Convention Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Incendiary Weapons (Protocol III), Geneva, 10 October 1980
26. The Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons which may be deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to have Indiscriminate Effects, (adopted 10 October 1980, entry into force 2 December 1983). 1342 U.N.T.S. 137/ [1984] ATS 6 / 19 ILM 1823 (1980)
27. The London Round Table Conference on ‘A “Fifth Geneva” Convention on the Protection of the Environment in Time of Armed Conflict.’ Read about the conference in more detail in the following section
28. The Rome Statute for the International Criminal Court (adopted 17 July 1998, entry into force 1 July 2003). 2187 U.N.T.S. 90
29. Turk, H. (1992). The Negotiation of a New Geneva-style Convention: a Government Lawyer‘s Perspective. Environmental Protection and the Law of War. London: Belhaven Press
30. United Nations Environment Programme. Protecting the Environment during Armed Conflict, Nairobi, Kenya, 2009
31. Verwey, W. D. (1995). Protection of the Environment in Times of Armed Conflict: In Search of a New Legal Perspective. Leiden Journal of International Law, 8, 7-40
32. Voneky, S. (2000). Peacetime Environmental Law as a Basis for State Responsibility. Environmental Consequences of War. Legal, Economic and Scientific Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
33. Bouvier, A. Protection of the Environment in Time of Armed Conflict. International Review of the Red Cross. 1991 12 31, 285, part C
34. 1977 Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August, 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II) (adopted 8 June, 1977, entry into force 7 December, 1978). 1125 U.N.T.S. 609/ [1991] ATS 30/16 ILM 1442 (1977), Article 14
35. Ibid
36. Ibid. Art. 15
37. The Convention on the prohibition of the Development, production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction, op. cit
38. Verwey, W. D., supra note 1, p. 16
39. Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques (adopted 10 December, 1976, entry into force 5 October, 1978). 1108 U.N.T.S. 151
40. Tarasofsky, R. G. Legal Protection of the Environment during International Armed Conflict. Netherlands Yearbook of International Law. 1993: 17-79. Also see p. 47
41. Ibid
42. For this section, see generally Solis, G. D. supra note 1, p. 578-591
43. Amendment of the Article 1.2 of 1980 Convention on Prohibition or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons which may be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to have Indiscriminate Effects (adoption 21 December, 2001, entry into force 18 May, 2004) 2260 U.N.T.S. 82
44. The Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons which may be deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to have Indiscriminate Effects, supra note 9, Preamble
45. The Chemical Weapons Convention Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Incendiary Weapons (Protocol III), supra note 9, Article 2(4)
46. Official Website of International Committee of the Red Cross. Geneva, 2013 [interactive]. [accessed 06-06-2013]. http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/WebSign? ReadForm&id=600&ps=P
47. The 1993 Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons, supra note 9
48. Voneky, S. Peacetime Environmental Law as a Basis for State Responsibility. Environmental Consequences of War. Legal, Economic and Scientifc Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University press, 2000, p. 190-225
49. Legal Consequences of the Construction of Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. International Court of Justice, Advisory Opinion I. C. J. Reports. 2004, p. 136, para. 106
50. 1972 Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (adopted at the United Nation Conference on Human Environment in Stockholm, 16 June, 1972). 11 I.L.M. 1416 (1972)
51. 1992 Rio de Janeiro Declaration on Environment and Development (adopted at Rio de Janeiro Declaration on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, 13 June, 1992). 31 I.L.M. 881 (1992)
52. Bothe, M.; Bruch, C.; Diamond, J. and Jensen, D., supra note 2, p. 585
53. Final Report to the Prosecutor by the Committee Established to Review the NATO Bombing Campaign Against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia. 13 June, 2000 [interactive]. [accessed on 2013-06-07]. http://www.icty.org/sid/10052/en
54. The Rome Statute for the International Criminal Court (adopted 17 July, 1998, entry into force 1 July, 2003). 2187 U.N.T.S. 90. Article 8 (2)(b)(iv)
55. High Level Expert Meeting on the New Future of Human Rights and Environment: Moving the Global Agenda Forward. United Nations Environmental Programme. 2009. [accessed 2013-06-07]. http://www.unep.org/environmentalgovernance/Events/HumanRightsandEnvironment/tabid/2046/language/en-US/Default.aspx
56. Legal Consequences of the Construction of Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. International Court of Justice, supra note 26, paras. 106-109
57. Voneky, S., supra note 25
58. Ibid
59. Right to property, however, can be subjects of limitation during times of the emergency situation
60. Hampson, F. J. The Relationship between International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law from the Perspective of a Human Rights Treaty Body. International Review of a Red Cross. 2008, 90, 549-572
61. Hampson, F. J., supra note 40, p. 177
62. Henckaerts, J. M. and Doswald-Beck, L. Customary International Humanitarian Law. International Committee of the Red Cross, Vol. I, Rules. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009, p. 143
63. Henckaerts, J. M. Study on Customary International Humanitarian Law: A Contribution to the Understanding and Respect for the Rule of Law in Armed Conflict. International Review of the Red Cross. 2005, (87): 175-212, also see p. 191
64. More about location, purpose and use, see in Solis, G. D. supra note 1, p. 524-528
65. Henckaerts, J. M. and Doswald-Beck, L., op. cit., p. 175
66. Bothe, M.; Bruch, C.; Diamond, J. and Jensen, D., supra note 2
67. Bothe, M.; Bruch, C.; Diamond, J. and Jensen, D., op. cit., p. 577
68. Falk, R. The Environmental Law of War: an Introduction. Environmental Protection and the Law of War. London: Belhaven Press, 1992, p. 93
69. Ibid., p. 66
70. Gasser, P., Proposal for Action. American Journal of International Law. 1995, (89): 637-643, p. 639
71. Turk, H. The Negotiation of a New Geneva-style Convention: a Government Lawyer‘s Perspective. Environmental Protection and the Law of War. London: Belhaven Press, 1992, p. 98-103
72. Smith, T. Criminal Accountability or Civil Liability: Which Approach Most Effectively Redresses the Negative Environmental Consequences of Armed Conflict? International Law and Armed Conflict. Challenges in the 21st Century. The Hague: Asser Press, 2010, p. 95-114, see p. 104
73. Smith, T., op. cit., p. 104
74. Drumbl, M. A. Waging War against the World: the Need to Move from War Crimes to Environmental Crimes. Environmental Consequences of War. Legal, Economic and Scientifc Perspectives. Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid: Cambridge University Press, 2000, 620-646, see p. 644
75. Roberts, A. The Law of War and Environmental Damage. Environmental Consequences of War. Legal, Economic and Scientifc Perspectives. Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid: Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 47-86, see p. 77
76. The London Round Table Conference on ‘A “Fifth Geneva” Convention on the Protection of the Environment in Time of Armed Conflict.’ Read about the conference in more detail in the following section
77. Turk, H., supra note 54, p. 99
78. Drumbl, M. A., supra note 58, p. 640
79. Ripa di Meana, C. Environmental Protection and the Law of War. Introductory Speech. London: Belhaven press, 1992, p. 65-67
80. Turk, H., supra note 54, p. 101
81. Brunch, C. E. Introduction. Environmental Consequences of War. Legal, Economic and Scientific Perspectives. Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid: Cambridge University Press, 2000
Review
For citations:
Aimée Murphie T.L. Protection of Environment during Armed Conflicts. Review of Business and Economics Studies. 2018;6(2):19-29. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.26794/2308-944X-2018-6-2-19-29